Evaluation of the therapeutic effect of a nanocomposite of desert germander extract and gold nanoparticles on breast cancer

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate and study the biological and chemical properties of the nano-alcoholic extract derived from the leaves of desert germander (Teucrium oliverianum), and to determine its potential as a natural anticancer agent against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. UV-Vis absorption analysis confirmed the successful preparation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) reaction by green biosynthesis method using alcoholic extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent for gold ions at different concentrations (1–100 µg/mL). GC-MS analysis identified 54 bioactive compounds from diverse chemical classes, including alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, steroids, tocopherols, and organic acids. Notably, compounds such as Amrinone (26.65%) and Fluconazole (24.82%) were present, indicating a chemically rich extract with possible synergistic activity. Cytotoxicity assays revealed a potent inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells, surpassing Doxorubicin (DXR) across all tested concentrations. At 100 µg/mL, the extract achieved 93% inhibition compared to 88.7% for DXR. Importantly, the extract demonstrated relative safety on normal MCF-10A cells, maintaining high viability, unlike the drug, which showed noticeable toxicity. Additionally, RT-qPCR analysis showed a significant downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene BCL2, with expression reduced by over 99% at the highest dose, supporting its role in activating programmed cell death. Collectively, the findings highlight the extract's strong cytotoxicity, selectivity, and ability to induce apoptosis, positioning it as a promising candidate for development as a natural or adjunctive therapy for breast cancer.