Application of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Beta vulgaris extract (CSNPs-BVE) as Antifungal Ear Infection Treatment for XDR and MDR Candida-Infected Mice Ear
Abstract
Background: Candida species rank among common opportunistic fungal pathogens, with healthcare settings being a major arena for occurrences of infections. The increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Candida such as C. auris, C. glabrata, and C. parapsilosis has compromised conventional antifungals, giving rise to an urgent need to formulate alternate therapeutic approaches.
Objectives: The prime aim of the work was to observe the in vivo antifungal activity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Beta vulgaris extract (CSNPs-BVE) against the four clinical XDR and MDR Candida isolates in a mice model and to compare it with Nystatin, a commercial antifungal.
Methods: Samples of four Candida species were taken from Iraqi hospitals and were confirmed biochemically and through ITS-based molecular methods. Green synthesis methods were used for preparing and characterizing CSNPs-BVE. The BALB/c mice models were topically infected and treated with CSNPs-BVE, BVE alone, and Nystatin. MIC, SMIC, biofilm inhibition, and histopathological studies were performed. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS1-ITS4 sequences was carried out to investigate the genetic diversity in the isolates.
Results: CSNPs-BVE showed much lower MIC and SMIC values as compared to that of the crude extract. Biofilm formation was inhibited at 97% in C. parapsilosis. Histological studies confirmed the healing of the tissue and reduction of inflammation in CSNP-treated mice. Phylogenetic analysis found that there were differing nucleotide polymorphisms among C. glabrata isolates, which correspond to their variable drug sensitivities.
Conclusion: CSNPs-BVE had the best antifungal and anti-biofilm activity in vivo, better than free extract and Nystatin. The use of molecular diagnosis coupled with nanotechnology is the best alternative to fighting drug-resistant Candida infections.
